ଗରିବ ବ୍ରାହ୍ମଣ (ନୈତିକ/ ପ୍ରେରଣାଦାୟକ ଓଡ଼ିଆ କାହାଣୀ )

 

              ଗରିବ ବ୍ରାହ୍ମଣ

ଗୋଟିଏ ଗାଁରେ ଏକ ଗରିବ ବ୍ରାହ୍ମଣ ପରିବାର ରହୁଥିଲେ।

ସେ ତାଙ୍କର ଗୋଟିଏ ଝିଅ, ଗୋଟିଏ ପୁଅ ଏବଂ ତାଙ୍କ ପତ୍ନୀଙ୍କ ସହ ଏକ ଛୋଟ କୁଟୀରରେ ରହୁଥିଲେ।

ସେ ବହୁତ ଅଳସୁଆ ଥିଲା। ସେ ଦାରିଦ୍ରତା ପାଇଁ ସର୍ବଦା ପୂର୍ବପୁରୁଷଙ୍କୁ ଦାୟୀ କରୁଥିଲା। ସେ ପ୍ରତିଦିନ

ସକାଳେ ଏକ ସଫା ବ୍ୟାଗ୍ ନେଇ ନିକଟସ୍ଥ ଗ୍ରାମକୁ ଯାଉଥିଲା ।

ସେ ପ୍ରତିଦିନ ଖାଇବା ପାଇଁ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାପ୍ତ ଚାଉଳ ସହିତ ଘରକୁ ଫେରୁଥିଲା ।

ଦିନେ ପ୍ରବଳ ଝଡ ତୋଫାନ୍ ପ୍ରବାହିତ ହେଲା ଏବଂ  ତାଙ୍କର ଛୋଟ କୁଡିଆଟି ଭାଙ୍ଗିଗଲା ।

ସେ କାନ୍ଦିଲI ଏବଂ ଭଗବାନଙ୍କୁ କହିଲI ଯେ "ହେ ଭଗବାନ ତୁମେ ମୋ ସହିତ କାହିଁକି ଦୟା କରୁନାହଁ"?

କିନ୍ତୁ କିଛି ସମୟ ପରେ ସେ ଭାବିଲI ଯେ ମୁଁ କାହିଁକି ମୋର ପୂର୍ବପୁରୁଷ ଏବଂ ଭଗବାନଙ୍କୁ ଦାୟୀ କରୁଛି?

ମୁଁ ସମସ୍ତ ତ୍ରୁଟି କରିଛି, କାରଣ ମୁଁ ଭିକ ମାଗିବା ବ୍ୟତୀତ ଅନ୍ୟ କିଛି କରି ନାହିଁ | ଯଦି ମୁଁ କିଛି କାମ କରିଥାନ୍ତି,

ତେବେ ଏହି ଦିନ ଆସି ନଥାନ୍ତା | ତା’ପରେ ସେ ତାଙ୍କ ପରିବାରର ସାହାଯ୍ୟରେ ଘରର ପୁନଃ ନିର୍ମାଣ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ

ଆରମ୍ଭ କଲI | ମୂଳଦୁଆ ପାଇଁ ତାଙ୍କ ଘର ଖୋଳିବା ସମୟରେ ସେ ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଭର୍ତ୍ତି ବାକ୍ସ ପାଇଲI 

ଯାହା ତାଙ୍କ ଘର ଭିତରେ ମାଟି ତଳେ ରଖାଯାଇଥିଲା |

 

ଏହି ଅଳଙ୍କାର ବାକ୍ସ ଦେଖି ସେ ବହୁତ ଖୁସି ହେଲI |

 

" ଅଳଙ୍କାର ବାକ୍ସକୁ ତାଙ୍କ ପୂର୍ବପୁରୁଷମାନେ ରଖିଥିଲେ। ଏହି ସୂଚନା ଗରିବ ବ୍ରାହ୍ମଣଙ୍କୁ ଜଣା ନଥିଲା।

 ସେ ବହୁତ ଅଳସୁଆ ଥିଲI, ସେଥିପାଇଁ ଏହି ଗରିବ ବ୍ରାହ୍ମଣଙ୍କ ପିତା ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଏହି ଅଳଙ୍କାର ବାକ୍ସ

 ବିଷୟରେ କହି ନଥିଲେ। ତାଙ୍କ ପିତା ଭାବିଥିଲେ ଯେ ଯେତେବେଳେ ବି ତାଙ୍କ ପୁଅ ଅନୁଭବ କରିବ 

ଏବଂ ନିଜେ କାମ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିବ, ସେତେବେଳେ ସେ ନିଜେ ଏହି ଜୁଏଲାରୀ ବାକ୍ସକୁ ସହଜରେ ଖୋଜିକି 

ପାଇଯିବ। ”

ଏହା ପରେ ସେ ଗରିବ ବ୍ରାହ୍ମଣ କିଛି ମୂଲ୍ୟବାନ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ବିକ୍ରୟ କରି ନିଜ ପରିବାର ପାଇଁ ଏକ ସୁନ୍ଦର ଘର ତିଆରି 

କଲI | ସେ  ଭଗବାନ ଏବଂ ତାଙ୍କ ପୂର୍ବପୁରୁଷମାନଙ୍କୁ "ଧନ୍ୟବାଦ" କହି ନିଜ ପରିବାରର ରକ୍ଷଣାବେକ୍ଷଣ 

ପାଇଁ ଏକ ବ୍ୟବସାୟ ଆରମ୍ଭ କଲI | ସେ କହିଥିବା କଥା ପାଇଁ ଭଗବାନ୍ ଏବଂ ନିଜର ପୂର୍ବପୁରୁଷଙ୍କ

 ଠାରୁ କ୍ଷମା ମାଗିଲା ।

 

ସେହି ଦିନ ପରଠାରୁ ସେ ଭିକ ମାଗିବା ପାଇଁ ଗଲIନାହିଁ ଏବଂ ଖୁସିରେ ଜୀବନ ବିତାଇଲI |

 

କାହାଣୀରୁ କଣ ଶିଖିଲେ - ନିଜର କାମ ପାଇଁ ଅନ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କୁ କେବେ ଦୋଷ ଦିଅ ନାହିଁ, ନିଜର କାମକୁ ନିରନ୍ତର ଭାବରେ କର, ନିଶ୍ଚିତ ଭାବରେ ତୁମେ ଦିନେ ସଫଳତା ପାଇବ | ତୁମେ ଯେକୌଣସି କାମ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିବା ପୂର୍ବରୁ ସର୍ବଦା ସକାରାତ୍ମକ  ଚିନ୍ତା କର |

 

ଲେଖକ-ପ୍ରିୟରଂଜନ ମିଶ୍ର

गरीब ब्राह्मण (नैतिक / प्रेरक हिंदी कहानी)

 

                   गरीब ब्राह्मण  

एक गाँव में एक गरीब ब्राह्मण परिवार रहता था।

 वह अपनी एक बेटी, एक बेटे और अपनी पत्नी के साथ एक छोटी सी झोपड़ी

 में रहता था।

वह बहुत आलसी था I वह हमेशा अपने पूर्वजों को अपनी गरीबी के लिए

दोषी ठहराता था। वह रोज सुबह साफ-सुथरा थैला लेकर आस-पास के 

गांवों में जाता था ।

वह प्रतिदिन के भोजन के लिए पर्याप्त चावल लेकर घर लौट जाता था।

एक दिन तेज आंधी आई और उसकी छोटी सी झोंपड़ी टूट गई।

वह रोया और भगवान से कहा कि "हे भगवान, तुम मेरे साथ बेरहम क्यों हो।

लेकिन कुछ समय बाद उसने सोचा कि मैं अपने पूर्वजों और भगवान को क्यों 

दोष दे रहा हूं? मैंने सारे दोष किए हैं, क्योंकि मैंने भीख मांगने के अलावा कुछ

नहीं किया । अगर मैं कुछ काम कर लेता, तो यह दिन नहीं आता। फिर 

उसने अपने परिवार की मदद से घर की मरम्मत का काम शुरू किया । 

नींव के लिए अपने घर की खुदाई के दौरान उन्हें एक गहनों से भरा बक्सा 

मिला जो उनके घर के अंदर भूमिगत रखा गया था।

इस जूलरी बॉक्स को देखकर वह बहुत खुश हो गया।

“गहने की पेटी उनके पूर्वजों ने रखी थी। यह जानकारी गरीब ब्राह्मण को 

नहीं पता था। वह बहुत आलसी था, इसलिए इस गरीब ब्राह्मण के पिता ने 

मरने से पहले इस गहने के बक्से के बारे में नहीं कहा था। उनके पिता ने

सोचा था कि जब भी उनका बेटा महसूस करेगा और खुद काम शुरू करेगा, 

तो उसे यह ज्वेलरी का डिब्बा आसानी से मिल जाएगा ।"

उसके बाद गरीब ब्राह्मणने कुछ कीमती आभूषण बेचकर अपने परिवार के लिए एक 

सुंदर घर बनाया। उसने भगवान और अपने पूर्वजों को "धन्यवाद" कहकर

अपने परिवार को चलाने के लिए एक व्यवसाय शुरू किया। मैंने जो कहा

था उसके लिए मैं भगवान और अपने पूर्वजों से माफी मांगता हूं I

उस दिन के बाद वह कभी भीख मांगने नहीं गया और सुख से रहने लगा।

 

इस कहानी से हमको क्या सिख मिला - अपने काम के लिए कभी भी दूसरों 

को दोष न दें, अपना काम लगातार करें, निश्चित रूप से आप एक दिन सफल 

होंगे। हर काम शुरू करने से पहले हमेशा सकारात्मक सोच रखें।

 

लेखक-प्रियरंजन मिश्र

THE POOR BRAHMIN (Moral/Motivational English Story)

 

           THE POOR BRAHMIN

There was lived a poor brahmin family in a village.

He lived with his one daughter, one son and his wife in a small hut.

He was very lazy.He always blamed to his ancestors for his poverty.

He went out every morning carrying a clean bag to nearby villages.

He was returned home with enough rice for the day's meal everyday.

One day heavy storm wind blown and his small hut smashed.

He cried and said to God that "Ohh God why you merciless with 

me”?

But after some time he thought that why I am blaming my ancestors

 and God ?

 I have done all faults, because I did not do anything except begging.

 If I would have done some work ,then this day would have been not

 come.

Then he started the house revamping job by the help of  his family.

During digging his home for foundation ,he found a jewellery

 filled box which was kept inside his home in underground.

By see this jewellery box ,he became very happy.

“The jewellery box was kept by his ancestors.This information was 

not known by the poor brahmin.He was very lazy ,that's why the 

father of  this poor brahmin had not said about this jewellery box 

before dead. His father thought that whenever his son will realize 

and start work by himself , then  he will find this jewellery box 

easily .”

After that the poor brahmin sell some precious ornament and made a

beautiful house for his family.He started a business to maintain his 

family by saying to God and his ancestors "Thank you ". I apologize

to God and my ancestors for what I said.

After that day onwards he never went for begging and lived happily.

 

Moral of the story-Never blame to others for your job,do your work contineously ,definitely you will be success oneday.Think always positive way before every work you start.

 

Writer-Priyaranjan Mishra

Odia Joke:1//ଓଡିଆ ହସ କଥା:୧

 ୧. ପିମ୍ପୁଡ଼ି🐜 ଏବଂ ହାତୀ 🐘

-----------------------------------

ଦିନେ ଏକ ହାତୀ 🐘 ଓ ପିମ୍ପୁଡ଼ି 🐜ରାସ୍ତାରେ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ଭେଟିଲେ | 

ପିମ୍ପୁଡ଼ି 🐜: ଦୟାକରି ମୋତେ ଯିବାକୁ ଦିଅ | ଅନ୍ୟଥା ମୁଁ ତୁମକୁ ତଳେ ପକେଇକି କଚାଡି କଚାଡି ପିଟିବି |ପୁରା ଏଣ୍ଡୁରି ପିଠା ପରି ବନେଇଦେବି।     😄😄😄😝😝😜😛😁😁

ହାତୀ 🐘: ମୁଁ ରାସ୍ତା ଛାଡ଼ିବି ନାହିଁ, ତୁମେ ଯାହା ଚାହଁ ତାହା କର |

ପିମ୍ପୁଡ଼ି 🐜: ହାତୀଟିର ଶୁଣ୍ଢ ଭିତରେ ପିମ୍ପୁଡ଼ି ପଶିଗଲା |

ହାତୀ 🐘-ପିମ୍ପୁଡ଼ି କାମୁଡ଼ିବା କାରଣରୁ ସେ ନିଜ ଶୁଣ୍ଢକୁ ଭୂମିରେ କଚାଡି କଚାଡି ପିଟିଲା।

ପିମ୍ପୁଡ଼ି 🐜:ଏବେ ମଜା ଲାଗିଲା ହାତୀ,ତତେ ଆହୁରି କାଟୁ କାଟୁ କରିବି। 😃😜😃😜😃😜😁😁😁😁

ହାତୀ 🐘-କିଛି ସମୟ ପରେ ହାତୀ ଛିଙ୍କିବା ଯୋଗୁଁ ପିମ୍ପୁଡ଼ି ଏକ ଗଛ ସହିତ ଧକ୍କା ହୋଇ ଅଜ୍ଞାନ ହୋଇ ତଳେ ପଡ଼ିଗଲା |

କିଛି ସମୟ ପରେ ଯେତେବେଳେ ପୁଣି ହାତୀ 🐘ଛିଙ୍କିଲା, ତା’ପରେ ପିମ୍ପୁଡ଼ି 🐜ଉଠିଲା ଏବଂ କହିଲା ,ଏ ଯୋଗୋଣୀଖିଆ, ଅଧାବଇସିଆ ହାତୀ, ମୁଇଁ  ଛୋଟ ବୋଲିକରି ମତେ ଡରଉଛୁ, ରହ ମୋର ବୁଆକେ କହୁଛେ। “ନା ବାବା ନା” ଆଉ ହବନି କହି ପ୍ରାଣ ବିକଳରେ  ଶୀଘ୍ର ଦୌଡି ପଳାଇଲା | ଏହି ହାତୀ ମୋତେ ଧନିଆ ଚଟଣି କରିଦବରେ ବାବା|ଓହୋ ମରୁ ମରୁ ବଞ୍ଚି ଗଲି ମୁଁ। 

😄😄😄😄😄😄😄😄😄

ଲେଖକ:ପ୍ରିୟରଂଜନ ମିଶ୍ର

Types Of Water Losses In Cooling Tower

 Contents:

👉Mass balance of cooling tower

👉Types of Water Losses in cooling tower:

          👉Evaporation loss

          👉Drift or windage loss

          👉Blow down loss

👉COC

●There are three types of water losses in cooling tower.

     I.e  evaporation loss, drift or windage  loss and  blow down loss. 

Mass Balance Of  Cooling Tower:

●Cooling tower mass balance gives an idea about make-up water   

     requirement.

  ●Cooling tower makeup has to substitute the water losses 

       resulting from evaporation, drift or windage and blow down .

   ●   M   =   E  +  D  +   B

 

     Where    M=Make-up water requirement in M³/Hr

                    E=Evaporation loss in M³/Hr

                    D=Drift /Windage loss in M³/Hr

                    B=Blow down loss in M³/Hr

Types of Water Losses in cooling tower:

1.Evaporation Loss:

●Evaporation loss usually represents the efficiency of cooling tower and  the heat of equipment.

●There is a formula to calculate evaporation loss volume:

● Evaporation loss (m3 /hr) =  C x (T1-T2) x Cp

                                                             λ

Where 

C= Circulation rate (m3 /hr) 

λ= Latent heat of vaporization of water=540kcal/kg/ °C   

T1= Cooling Tower Inlet water temperature in °C

T2= Cooling Tower Outlet water temperature  °C

Cp=Specific heat of water=1 kcal/kg/ °C

Example: If circulation rate is 1750 m3/hr.T1=33 °C,T2=30 °C ,

Then Evaporation loss= 1750 x (33-30) x1  

                                                   540

=  9.72m3/hr

                                                    

                                       

There is an alternative formula to calculate evaporation loss volume:

● Evaporation loss (m3 /hr) 

=0.0008 x 1.8 x C x (T1-T2)

C= Circulation rate (m3 /hr) ,T1= Cooling Tower Inlet water temperature

T2= Cooling Tower Outlet water temperature

(Reference: Perry’s Chemical engineers Hand book)

Example: If circulation rate is 2000 m3/hr.T1=33 °C,T2=30 °C ,Then Evaporation loss=0.0008 x 1.8 x 2000 x (33-30) = 8.64 m3/hr

2.Drift Loss or Windage Loss:

●Drift loss or windage loss of cooling tower is normally provided by the cooling tower manufacturer based on the process design.

● There is a formula to calculate evaporation loss volume:

● For natural draft cooling tower,

Drift or Windage  loss (m3 /hr) = 0.3 to 1.0 x C    

                                                               100

[Where C= Circulation rate (m3 /hr)]

●For induced draft cooling tower ,  D= 0.1 to 0.3 x C    

                                                                         100

●For cooling tower with drift eliminator, D=  0.01  x C     

                                                                               100

3.Blow Down Loss:

●.As the cooling water circulates the cooling tower part of water evaporates, there by increasing the total dissolved solids in the remaining water.

●To control the COC (Cycle of concentration)  blow down is given.

● There is a formula to calculate blow down  loss :

● Blow Down loss (m3 /hr) =         E     

                                                      COC-1

COC= Cycle of concentration , E= Evaporation loss

Example: If Evaporation loss is 8 m3/hr, COC=3 ,

Then Blow Down loss=     8    = 4 m3/hr

                                         (3-1)

What is COC ?

●Cycles of concentration (COC) is a ratio between parameter in cooling water to the  

   parameter in makeup water.

●The COC is a dimensionless number.

● It can be calculated from any following formulae.

●Cycles Of Concentration(COC)= 

                          Ca Hardness in Cooling water

                          Ca Hardness in make up water

Or           COC= Conductivity of cooling water

                           Conductivity of make up water

 Or          COC= Concentration of chlorides in cooling water

                           Concentration of chlorides in make up water

  NB: COC normally varies from 3 to 7 depending on process design.

Odisha General Knowledge

 

1.Which is known as White Pagoda?

Ans:  Jagannath  temple,Puri,Odisha

2.Which is called Black Pagoda?

    Ans: Konark Sun Temple,Puri ,Odisha

3.Which place is popularly known as "Shabara Shrikshetra"?

  

    Ans: Shri Jagannath temple, Koraput, Odisha

4.Which place is popularly known as “Tulasi Kshetra“ in Odisha?

  

    Ans: Kendrapara (Famous for Baldev jew Temple)

5.Which place is popularly known as “Sankha Kshetra“ in Odisha?

  

    Ans: Puri

6.Which is the longest river dam in the world?

  

    Ans: Hirakud Dam,Odisha

7.Which is the smallest district of Odisha by area?

  

    Ans: Jagatsinghpur (Total area=1759 Squre  Km)

8.Which is the largest district of Odisha by area?

  

    Ans: Mayurbhanj (10418 Square Km)

SPECIAL GENERAL KNOWLEDGE : DAILY NITIKANTI (RITUALS) OF LORD JAGANNATH (ODISHA)

 

1.Which is the first niti(ritual) of Lord Jagannath in daily rituals?

Ans: Dwaraphita and Mangala Alati

2.Which niti of Lord Jagannath means removal or taking off the clothes, dress,  

   flowers,tulasi etc.of the previous night.?

      Ans: Mailama

3.Which niti of Lord Jagannath means cleaning of teeth and bathing.

      Ans: Abakasa

4.Which niti of Lord Jagannath means the deities change their clothes and wear another 

   clean and  washed set.

      Ans: Mailama and Besa 

5.Which niti of Lord Jagannath  means the  morning breakfast of the deities.

   Ans: Gopala Ballabha Bhoga 

6.The morning meal  of Lord Jagannath is known as _______?   

 

   Ans: Kotha Bhoga or Raja Bhoga

7.Which is the last bhoga of the day offered to Lord Jagannath ?   

 

   Ans: Badasinghara Dhupa

8.Which is the last niti of the day of Lord Jagannath ?   

 

   Ans: Khata Sejalagi and Pahuda

9.What  is offered to all deities after each dhupa in   

   Lord Jagannath temple?   

 

   Ans: Alati

NPSH AND CAVITATION OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

 

NPSH:

●NPSH:   The net positive suction head is the total suction head in feet of liquid 

  (or meters), less the vapor pressure (in feet or meters) of the liquid being pumped. 

●NPSH is defined as the total head of fluid at the centre line of the impeller less 

   the fluid's vapour pressure.

●NPSH is normally considered in two forms: NPSH-R (NPSH Required) and 

   NPSH-A (NPSH Available).

● (NPSH)A is the amount of NPSH that the system has available at the eye of the 

    pump impeller. 

● (NPSH)A =Liquid pressure at pump suction - Vapor pressure of the liquid 

   (Always Liquid pressure at eye of impeller >Vapor pressure of the same liquid)

●Always (NPSH)A > (NPSH)R is recommended by process engineers during design  

   and  (NPSH)A > 0 to avoid cavitation  in pump.

●(NPSH)R  is Net Positive Suction Head Required, that is given by OEM(Original 

   Equipment Manufacturer)

Formula:

● (NPSH)A =P-hfs  -Pv ± Z

Where  P=Absolute pressure

                 hfs  =Frictional Losses in suction line due to pipe fittings,valves

                 Pv =Vapour pressure of liquid

                   Z=Satic Head 

CAVITATION IN  CENTRIFUGAL PUMP:

●When (NPSH)A < (NPSH)R  or pressure at eye of pump impeller become less than vapour pressure of the same liquid then vapour bubbles creates inside liquid and the vapour bubbles goes through the impeller and on impeller vane it collapse. Due to repeated collapse of vapor bubbles on a metal surface of pump parts , This causes mild physical damage to protective films, severe deformation and fracture of surface. So that is called Cavitation.

●It occurs in equipment where high velocity liquid flow and pressure changes are encountered, such as pump impellers, resulting in vapor bubbles.

●Cavitation also results in vibration and noise in the pump, placing greater strain on the       drive shaft and other components, and also in downstream pipework.

 ●This can lead to greater maintenance costs and a higher incidence of pump failures.

Hardness of water,Classification and how to remove hardness from water.

 TOPIC: Hardness of Water 

Contents:

👉Classification of Water according to hardness

👉What is Hard Water?

👉Types of Hardness of Water

👉How to remove Temporary Hardness?

👉How to remove Permanent Hardness?

👉Harmful Effects of Hard Water

👉Classification of water according to dissolved Ca and Mg present 

👉Requirement of minerals for human body

1.Classification of Water according to hardness :

2. What is hard water ? 

● Hard water (or water hardness) is a common quality of   water which contains dissolved compounds of calcium  and magnesium.

i.e  CaCO3/MgCO3

      CaHCO3/MgHCO3

      CaSO4/MgSO4

      CaNO3/MgNO3

      CaCl2/MgCl2

      CaSiO3/MgSiO3

 3.Types of hardness of water :

4.How to remove Temporary Hardness: 

● The presence of magnesium and calcium bicarbonates in water makes it temporarily hard. 

●In this case, the hardness in water can be removed by boiling the water.

●When we boil water the soluble salts of Mg(HCO3)2 is converted to Mg(OH)2 and Ca(HCO3)2 is converted to Ca(CO)3 .

● Mg(OH)2 and Ca(CO)3 are insoluble in water and hence gets precipitated and is removed. 

5.How to remove Permanent Hardness :

● We can remove permanent hardness from water by using following methods.

i.e  Ion Exchange Method(Demineralisation Plant,Softener Plant)

      Reverse Osmosis plant

      Lime soda Process

6.Harmful effects of hard water:

● Wastage of soap and detergent due to poor performance

●Formation of scales on metallic pipes ,plumbing fixtures and 

  appliances.

●Causing dry skin and hair

●Cause skin irritation

●Frequent plumbing repairs

●Rise in water consumption as well as water bills in home and industry.

●In industry rise water consumption due to blow down because to maintain water parameters in acceptable range 

7.Classification of water according to dissolved Ca and Mg present :

NB: For drinking water hardness should be 60 mg/l  to 120mg/l.

For process water hardness ,that will depend industry to industry as per requirement. They can use hard and  very hard water. 

●We can measure hardness in terms of mg/l or ppm.

8.Requirement of minerals for Human body:

●If you drink 2 liters of tap water per day % of minerals of your RDI(Recommended Daily Intake ):

10% copper

6% calcium

5% magnesium

3% sodium

and less than 1% of all other minerals.